This is episode 2 of the three-part series that revisits the classical proximal point algorithm. See the first post on this topic for an introduction and notation.

# The prox-linear algorithm

For well-structured weakly convex problems, one can hope for faster numerical methods than the subgradient scheme. In this episode, I will focus on the composite problem class $\mathcal{C}$. To simplify the exposition, I will assume $L=1$, which can always be arranged by rescaling.

Since composite functions are weakly convex, one could apply the proximal point method directly, while setting the parameter $\nu\leq\beta^{-1}$. Even though the proximal subproblems are strongly convex, they are not in a form that is most amenable to convex optimization techniques. Indeed, most convex optimization algorithms are designed for minimizing a sum of a convex function and a composition of a convex function with a linear map. This observation suggests introducing the following modification to the proximal-point algorithm. Given a current iterate $x_t$, the prox-linear method sets

where $F(x;y)$ is the local convex model

In other words, each proximal subproblem is approximated by linearizing the smooth map $c$ at the current iterate $x_t$.

The main advantage is that each subproblem is now a sum of a strongly convex function and a composition of a Lipschitz convex function with a linear map. A variety of methods utilizing this structure can be formally applied; e.g. smoothing (Nesterov 2005), saddle-point (Nemirovski 2004; Chambolle and Pock 2011), and interior point algorithms (Nesterov and Nemirovskii 1994; Wright 1997). Which of these methods is practical depends on the specifics of the problem, such as the size and the cost of vector-matrix multiplications.

It is instructive to note that in the simplest setting of additive composite problems (Example 1), the prox-linear method reduces to the popular proximal-gradient algorithm or ISTA (Beck and Teboulle 2012). For nonlinear least squares, the prox-linear method is a close variant of Gauss-Newton.

Recall that the step-size of the proximal point method provides a convenient stopping criteria, since it directly relates to the gradient of the Moreau envelope – a smooth approximation of the objective function. Is there such an interpretation for the prox-linear method? This question is central, since termination criteria is not only used to stop the method but also to judge its efficiency and to compare against competing methods.

The answer is yes. Even though one can not evaluate the gradient $\|\nabla F_{\frac{1}{2\beta}}\|$ directly, the scaled step-size of the prox-linear method

is a good surrogate (Drusvyatskiy and Paquette 2016 Theorem 4.5):

In particular, the prox-linear method will find a point $x$ satisfying $\|\nabla F_{\frac{1}{2\beta}}(x)\|^2\leq\varepsilon$ after at most $O\left(\frac{\beta(F(x_0)-\inf F)}{\varepsilon}\right)$ iterations. In the simplest setting when $g=0$ and $h(t)=t$, this rate reduces to the well-known convergence guarantee of gradient descent, which is black-box optimal for $C^1$-smooth nonconvex optimization (Carmon et al. 2017b).

It is worthwhile to note that a number of improvements to the basic prox-linear method were recently proposed. Cartis, Gould, and Toint (2011) discuss trust region variants and their complexity guarantees, while Duchi and Ruan (2017b) propose stochastic extensions of the scheme and prove almost sure convergence. Drusvyatskiy and Paquette (2016) discuss overall complexity guarantees when the convex subproblems can only be solved by first-order methods, and proposes an inertial variant of the scheme whose convergence guarantees automatically adapt to the near-convexity of the problem.

## Local rapid convergence

Under typical regularity conditions, the prox-linear method exhibits the same types of rapid convergence guarantees as the proximal point method. I will illustrate with two intuitive and widely used regularity conditions, yielding local linear and quadratic convergence, respectively.

A local minimizer $\bar x$ of $F$ is $\alpha$-tilt-stable if there exists $r>0$ such that the solution map

is $1/\alpha$-Lipschitz around $0$ with $M(0)=\bar x$.

This condition might seem unfamiliar to convex optimization specialist. Though not obvious, tilt-stability is equivalent to a uniform quadratic growth property and a subtle localization of strong convexity of $F$. See Drusvyatskiy and Lewis (2013) or Drusvyatskiy, Mordukhovich, and Nghia (2014) for more details on these equivalences. Under the tilt-stability assumption, the prox-linear method initialized sufficiently close to $\bar x$ produces iterates that converge at a linear rate $1-\alpha/\beta$.

The second regularity condition models sharp growth of the function around the minimizer. Let $S$ be the set of all stationary points of $F$, meaning $x$ lies in $S$ if and only if the directional derivative $F'(x;v)$ is nonnegative in every direction $v\in {\mathbb R}^d$.

A local minimizer $\bar x$ of $F$ is sharp if there exists $\alpha>0$ and a neighborhood $\mathcal{X}$ of $\bar x$ such that

Under the sharpness condition, the prox-linear method initialized sufficiently close to $\bar x$ produces iterates that converge quadratically.

For well-structured problems, one can hope to justify the two regularity conditions above under statistical assumptions. The recent work of Duchi and Ruan (2017a) on the phase retrieval problem is an interesting recent example. Under mild statistical assumptions on the data generating mechanism, sharpness is assured with high probability. Therefore the prox-linear method (and even subgradient methods (Davis, Drusvyatskiy, and Paquette 2017)) converge rapidly, when initialized within a constant relative distance of an optimal solution.

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